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A survey of the concept of financial knowledge

Source: supply chain finance
Financial concept daquan
noun
1. Financial market in a broad sense: generally refers to all financial transactions conducted by both the capital supply and demand sides through various financial instruments, including all monetary financial activities between financial institutions and customers, between financial institutions and between capital supply and demand sides, such as deposits, loans, trusts, leasing, insurance, mortgage and discount of bills, trading of stocks and bonds, gold foreign exchange trading, etc.
2. Narrow financial market: generally limited to financing activities with bills and securities as financial instruments, interbank borrowing between financial institutions and gold foreign exchange transactions.
3. Financial market: the general term for monetary fund transactions, gold foreign exchange trading and interbank lending between financial institutions with bills and securities as financial instruments.
4. Primary market: also known as the issuance market or the primary market, it is a trading market formed when the fund demanders sell financial assets to the public for the first time.
5. Secondary market: the trading market where the issued old securities are transferred and circulated among different investors.
6. Financial instrument: also known as credit instrument, it is a legal document to prove the relationship between creditor’s rights and debts and to conduct monetary and capital transactions accordingly.
7. Stock: a kind of securities, which is a certificate issued by a joint stock limited company to prove the identity and rights of investors as shareholders and to obtain dividends and bonuses accordingly.
8. Common stock: a basic stock issued by a joint-stock company, which is the most standard stock.
9. Priority stocks: stocks issued by joint-stock companies that have priority over ordinary shareholders in terms of company income and distribution of remaining assets.
10. Bond: A written certificate issued by the debtor to the creditor to undertake the obligation of repaying the principal and interest at the agreed time.
11. Treasury bonds: short-term debt certificates issued by the government to make up for the temporary shortage of treasury funds.
12. Mortgaged corporate bonds: bonds issued by companies with real estate or movable property as collateral.
13. Credit corporate bonds: bonds issued by companies that do not use any assets as collateral or guarantee, but rely entirely on the company’s credit.
14. Converting corporate bonds: This kind of bonds stipulates that bondholders can convert into company shares in a certain proportion and under certain conditions within a certain period of time.
15. Corporate bonds with subscription rights for new shares: This bond gives the bondholder the right to buy new shares of the company.
16. Restructured corporate bonds: A bond with lower interest rate issued by a restructured company to reduce the debt burden.
17. Debt-sinking fund corporate bonds: This kind of bonds requires the issuing company to regularly withdraw a certain percentage of profits according to the total issued amount as repayment funds before the maturity of the bonds, and hand them over to the entrusted trust companies or financial institutions for safekeeping, and gradually accumulate them to ensure that the bonds will be repaid in one lump sum.
18. Financial bond: A bond issued to the public by banks and non-bank financial institutions in order to raise funds in accordance with the relevant securities laws and securities issuance procedures of the state, using their own reputation.
19. Fund securities: also known as investment fund securities, are securities issued to the public by the sponsors of investment funds, which prove that the holders enjoy the ownership of assets, the right to return assets and the right to distribute the remaining property according to their shares. It is the product of certain equity combinations of stocks, bonds and other financial products.
20. Bill: negotiable securities that the drawer promises or entrusts the drawee to unconditionally pay a certain amount on the specified date or at sight.
21. Free foreign exchange: It can be bought and sold freely in the foreign exchange market without the approval of the issuing country, and can be freely converted into currencies of other countries. They are widely used as means of payment and circulation in international economic exchanges.
22. Bookkeeping foreign exchange: Without the approval of the relevant foreign exchange administration departments, it cannot be converted into other countries’ currencies, and usually it can only be used between the countries of the agreement according to relevant agreements.
23. Derivative financial instruments: also known as financial derivatives, refer to a kind of financial products whose value depends on original financial instruments.
24. Money market: a short-term financial market with financial assets with a maturity of less than one year as the transaction object.
25. Interbank lending market: a market formed by short-term capital lending activities among various financial institutions.
26. Central bank bills: short-term bonds issued by the People’s Bank of China, with maturities ranging from 3 months to 1 year.
27. Pre-issuance market: In reality, there is a kind of treasury bond trading that is not conducted after the issuance is completed, but immediately after the announcement of the issuance. This trading market is also called the pre-issuance market. Such as WI-Fi transactions in the United States.
28. Transferable large deposit certificate: a certificate of deposit issued by a commercial bank and transferable in the market.
29. Repurchase agreement: When the securities holder sells the securities, it is agreed with the buyer that the seller will buy back an equal amount of the same kind of securities from the buyer at the agreed price on a certain date in the future.
30. Capital increase: An established joint-stock company issues new shares, which is called capital increase.
31. Credit transaction: also known as advance transaction or margin transaction, it is a transaction method in which the customer pays a certain amount of cash or stock to the broker as a margin, and the difference is advanced by the broker.
32. Option trading: Also known as option trading, it means that both parties reach a contract on whether to buy or sell a certain stock at an agreed price and within an agreed time.
33. Stock index futures trading: Futures trading with the stock price index as the object aims to reduce the risk of stock investment and increase the attractiveness of stock investment.
34. Stock index option trading: buying and selling option contracts based on stock price index.
35. Stock exchange: a place organized according to certain methods and rules to conduct centralized securities trading, also known as the floor trading market.
36. Membership system: A stock exchange in the form of membership organization is a legal entity that is formed voluntarily by intermediaries engaged in securities business and is not for profit.
37. Company system: The stock exchange in the form of company system is organized according to the company law. The exchange collects the issuer’s "listing fee" and extracts the "handling fee" and other service fees for securities transactions.
38. Commission broker: a broker who accepts the entrustment of clients, buys and sells on behalf of clients in the exchange and receives a fixed commission.
39. Two-yuan broker: Also known as expert broker, it is specially entrusted by the commission broker, and buys and sells on his behalf, charging a certain commission.
40. Special broker: Also known as professional broker, it is a broker who has a special status in the exchange and is engaged in special securities trading.
41. Securities dealers: also known as trading hall dealers, they only handle self-operated business and do not handle entrusted business.
42. Zero-share dealers: securities firms specializing in stock trading with less than one trading unit.
Brief discussion
1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of direct financing and indirect financing?
Advantages of direct financing
(1) The close relationship between the supply and demand of funds is conducive to the rapid and rational allocation of funds and the improvement of efficiency in use.
(2) The cost of financing is low and the investment income is high.
Disadvantages of direct financing
(1) There are many restrictions on the amount, term and interest rate of direct financing.
(2) The liquidity of financial instruments used in direct financing is weaker than that of indirect financing, and their cashing ability is lower.
(3) Direct financing is risky.
Advantages of indirect financing
(1) Flexible and convenient.
(2) High security.
(3) The scale economy of finance has been improved.
Disadvantages of indirect financing
(1) The direct connection between the supply and demand sides of funds is cut off, which will reduce the concern of investors on enterprise production and the pressure and binding force of fund raisers on the use of funds to a certain extent.
(2) intermediary agencies charge a certain fee for providing services, which increases the cost of financing.
2, the relationship between the four elements of financial market.
Financial market participants, financial market trading objects, financial market intermediaries and financial market prices are the four major elements that constitute the financial market. They are closely related, mutually promoting and influencing each other. Among them, financial market participants and financial market trading objects are the most basic elements. As long as these two elements exist, financial markets will be formed, while financial market intermediaries and financial market prices are naturally generated or inevitably accompanied. Perfect intermediary institutions and price mechanisms are important conditions for the development of financial markets.
3. Particularity of financial market.
(1) There are mainly loan relationships and principal-agent relationships among market participants, which are temporary separation or conditional transfer of the right to use and ownership of funds based on credit.
(2) The transaction object is monetary funds or their derivatives.
(3) The transaction mode is special.
(4) The price determination in the market is complicated, with many influencing factors and great fluctuations.
(5) Trading places are invisible in most cases, and the ways of trading through telecommunications and computer networks are becoming more and more common.
4. The main differences between capital market and money market.
(1) Different maturities: all financial instruments traded in the capital market are more than one year, while those traded in the money market are within one year.
(2) Different roles: most of the funds in the capital market are used for the creation, renewal and expansion of equipment and storage materials of enterprises, or the establishment of public utilities and the maintenance of financial balance. Most of the money in the money market is used for short-term working capital of industrial and commercial enterprises.
(3) The degree of risk is different: the risk of credit instruments in the capital market is higher, and the risk of credit instruments in the money market is smaller.
5. Functions and functions of financial markets
(1) Facilitate investment and fund-raising.
(2) Reasonably guide the flow of funds, promote capital concentration and transfer to high-efficiency units.
(3) Facilitate the flexible conversion of funds.
(4) realize risk diversification and reduce transaction costs.
(5) It is conducive to enhancing the flexibility of macro-control.
(6) It is conducive to strengthening economic ties between departments, regions and countries.
6, the difference between financial instruments and financial assets
Financial instruments are sometimes called financial assets, but strictly speaking, these two concepts are different. Although all financial instruments are financial assets to the holders, they cannot be called financial assets if we look at them in isolation. For example, money issued by the central bank and stocks and bonds issued by enterprises cannot be said to be financial assets, because for issuers, money, stocks and bonds are their liabilities. Therefore, money, stocks and bonds should not be simply called financial assets, but should be called financial instruments. Financial instruments are financial assets to the holders.
7. Characteristics of stocks
(1) Stock is a kind of ownership certificate, which represents the certificate of invested share capital.
(2) Stocks are permanent securities with no repayment period.
(3) The return of stock has great uncertainty.
8. Main differences between common stock and preferred stock
(1) Ordinary shareholders enjoy the right to participate in the operation of the company, while preferred shareholders generally do not enjoy the right to participate in the operation of the company.
(2) The income of common shareholders depends on the profitability of the company, while the income of preferred shares is fixed.
(3) Ordinary shareholders cannot withdraw their shares, but can only be realized in the secondary market, while preferred shareholders can request the company to redeem their shares in accordance with the redemption clause attached to the preferred shares.
(4) Priority stock is the most important kind of special stock, which enjoys priority in the company’s profit and the distribution of surplus property.
9, the difference between bonds and stocks
(1) The relationship indicated is different: bonds indicate the relationship between creditor’s rights and debts, and stocks indicate the ownership relationship.
(2) The rights and obligations of investors are different: bond investors have the right to obtain principal and interest, but have no right to ask about business management activities. Stock investors can get the right to operate, but they can’t withdraw their shares to recover their principal.
(3) The determination of income is different: the income of bonds is determined by their interest rates, and the income of stocks depends on the operating conditions of the issuing company.
10, the main reason for the government to issue treasury bonds.
(1) To make up for the temporary and seasonal balance of government finance and meet the temporary capital turnover needs.
(2) When unexpected events occur in the process of budget implementation, resulting in an increase in expenditure and it is difficult to keep up with the income, it is necessary to cope with temporary emergencies.
(3) When the interest rate in the financial market is too high, the interest burden of the government issuing long-term bonds is too heavy, so the short-term treasury bonds are issued first, and then the low-interest long-term bonds are issued after the market interest rate changes in the future.
11, fund securities, stocks and bonds in common.
(1) The investments in fund securities, stocks and bonds are all securities investments.
(2) The forms of fund securities are similar to those of stocks and bonds.
(3) Stocks and bonds are the investment objects of fund securities.
12. The difference between fund securities, stocks and bonds
(1) Different investment status: Shareholders are shareholders of the company and have the right to express their opinions on major decisions of the company. The bondholders are creditors and have the right to recover the principal and interest at maturity. The holder of fund securities is the beneficiary of the fund and has the right to distribute the investment income.
(2) The degree of risk is different: the risk of stocks is the greatest, the risk of fund securities is the second, and the risk of bonds is the smallest.
(3) The returns are different: stocks have the highest returns, followed by fund securities, and bonds have the lowest returns.
(4) Different ways of investment: unlike investors in stocks and bonds, fund securities are an indirect way of securities investment.
(5) Different ways of investment recovery: bond investment has a certain term, and the principal is recovered after the expiration, while stock investment is indefinite. If it is to be recovered, it can only be realized at the market price in the securities exchange market. Fund securities are different depending on the form of funds held.
13. Similarities and differences between negotiable certificates of deposit and general certificates of deposit.
(1) What they have in common is that they are all time certificates of deposit issued by banks, and banks pay interest.
(2) The difference is that it cannot be withdrawn in advance, but it can be transferred at any time. It has a specific amount and term, and the term is short, usually 14 days to one year. The interest is paid in coupon rate every six months or on the maturity date, and the denomination is large. Most large deposit certificates in the United States are $100,000.
14. What are the benefits of negotiable certificates of deposit for banks and investors?
Certificate of deposit is a good financial tool for investors and banks;
(1) certificates of deposit enable commercial banks to take the initiative to issue certificates of deposit in the market to raise funds, so that commercial banks can manage their liabilities and assets more actively.
(2) certificates of deposit enable investors to buy or sell certificates of deposit at any time according to the situation of capital week and adjust their asset portfolio.
(3) certificates of deposit improve the stability of commercial banks’ sources of funds.
15. Purpose of stock issuance
(1) To issue shares for the establishment of a joint-stock company.
(2) shares issued by an established joint-stock company to improve its operation or meet a specific need.
16. Purpose of capital increase
(1) Increase the proportion of self-owned capital and improve the capital structure. (2) maintain or expand business. (3) Meet the listing standards of the stock exchange. (4) promoting cooperation or maintaining the right to operate. (5) Divide benefits among shareholders. (6) Others, such as company restructuring or merger.
17, the characteristics of futures trading
(1) The transaction and delivery are not synchronized. (2) It can be offset at the time of delivery, that is, the liquidation parties only need to pay the difference. (3) There are both ordinary investors and speculators in the transaction.
18, the characteristics of OTC:
(1) A wide range of trading objects. (2) Both parties agree on the transaction price. (3) The trading mode is more flexible. (4) The trading places are scattered.
Transfer from: those things in the investment circle
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Haze weather in Huanghuai and other places in North China continues to be rainy and snowy in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China.

  Yesterday, light to moderate haze weather occurred in most parts of Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, northern Shandong, eastern Henan, eastern Hubei, central and western Jilin, southwestern Heilongjiang and other places, with severe haze locally. This morning, fog with visibility less than 1 km appeared in Beijing, Tianjin, eastern and south-central Hebei, and visibility in some areas was less than 200 meters.

  It is estimated that from October 30 to November 2, the atmospheric diffusion conditions in central and southern North China and western Huanghuai are still poor, with mild to moderate haze weather, and some areas in central and southern North China have severe haze. From the night of November 2, affected by cold air, the atmospheric diffusion conditions in the above areas gradually improved, and the haze weather weakened and dissipated.

  Monitoring shows that yesterday, heavy rains occurred in parts of southeastern Guangxi, southwestern Guangdong and Hainan Island, and local heavy rains occurred; There was heavy rain in Tacheng, Xinjiang, sleet or moderate to heavy snow and local snowstorm in Altay. It is estimated that in the next three days, the rainfall in South China will obviously weaken, mainly cloudy with light rain in some areas. In addition, the rain and snow weather in Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China will increase, so the public should pay attention to the adverse effects on traffic and travel that may be caused by rain and snow.

  It is expected that in the next three days, there will be rainy and snowy weather in northern Xinjiang, with small to medium snow or sleet in high altitude areas and heavy snow in northern Altay; There is light snow or sleet weather in northeastern Inner Mongolia, western Heilongjiang and western Jilin, with moderate to heavy snow in some areas.

Counting the big show, the fragrant-shouldered dice queen Ada incarnates the amorous feelings of "female gambler"

As a sequel, the comedy fantasy film produced by Cinema Media, Anle Film and Blue Star Film was released in Chinese mainland on the first day of the New Year’s Day. It was released for seven days, and the cumulative box office has exceeded 1.719 billion, bringing joy to tens of millions of families. Starring Tony Leung Chiu Wai, Bai Baihe, Jing Bo Ran, Chris Lee and Ada, the film mainly tells the story of Tianyin and Xiaolan’s family reunion in Hu Ba.

 

Ada became a "female gambler" with a variety of amorous feelings.

 

In the film, Ada, a popular actress, plays a master of enchanting beauty and incarnates into a "female gambler" with all kinds of amorous feelings. She confronts Tu Sigu, played by Tony Leung Chiu Wai, and presents a very gorgeous fancy gambling. She wears a thin pink blouse with a sapphire skirt, half veiled and half fragrant shoulders, and her elegant collarbone sets off her breasts, which is domineering and provocative. Fans who have seen the film pointed out that Ada’s "goddess of gamblers" is very similar to Raquel’s role as the Queen of Dice in the film and Japanese actress Michiko Nishiwaki, who also played the King of Dice in Hong Kong’s hot movies in the early years.

 

Raquel’s eyes are full of murderous look.

 

In the movie "storm riders in Macau", Raquel, a 90-year-old girl in Tsing Yi, also plays the "female gambler" dice king. She confronts the pony played by Nick Cheung. She is dressed in a black and red kimono, with a small dew shoulder and a variety of amorous feelings, and her over-the-shoulder dragon tattoo is the most amazing highlight of the audience. When confronting Nick Cheung at the gambling table, Raquel’s eyes are full of charm and murderous look. Although there are not many appearances, it is the most memorable role in the film.

 

Michiko Nishiwaki modeling becomes the designated action of rolling dice.

 

In the early years, in the classic movie "God of Gambling", Japanese actress Michiko Nishiwaki also played the role of "God of Gambling", also wearing a kimono. When the dice were about to be rolled, she tore off her button and exposed her tattooed shoulders. This scene can be called the most classic scene in "God of Gambling", which is still memorable after many years. So far, this shape has also become a roll in the film.

 

Later, Raquel’s dice queen model in the movie storm riders, Macau and Ada’s beauty master model in Catch the Demon 2, all three of them also play a variety of female gamblers, who are equally skilled and show off their shoulders, and also compete with the film’s male actor. The difference is that their shapes in the film are more amazing and more brilliant than each other. Please pay attention to Catch the Demon 2.


Many foreign media paid attention to "Ukraine celebrated Christmas for the first time on December 25th", and Zelenski delivered a Christmas speech.

[Global Network Report] "Ukraine celebrated Christmas for the first time on December 25th." Many foreign media, such as the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Qatar Al Jazeera, are concerned about Ukraine’s latest move on "de-russification".
According to the report, many Ukrainian Orthodox Christians are preparing to celebrate Christmas on December 25th instead of January 7th, the traditional Orthodox Church. Al Jazeera commented that this is the first time Ukraine has done this in a century, which means "breaking the Russian tradition".
Caption: On the 24th local time, Zelenski delivered a video screenshot of Christmas speech on social media. Source: Social Media X.
According to BBC, Ukrainian President Zelenski said in his Christmas speech on 24th that all Ukrainians are now united. "We celebrate Christmas together. On the same day, as a big family, as a nation, as a United country. " Zelenski said.
Since the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Ukraine has taken a series of measures to speed up "de-Russification". Buildings and monuments related to the Soviet Union and Russia were demolished in many places in Ukraine, and city streets were renamed after Ukrainian historical figures, artists, poets and soldiers. According to previous reports, in July this year, the website of the Verkhovna Rada (Parliament) of Ukraine said that Zelenski signed a law to adjust the official Christmas date of Ukraine from January 7th to December 25th.
With regard to a series of "de-Russification" moves in Ukraine, the website of Russian newspaper Izvestia reported that belik, a member of the International Affairs Committee of the Russian State Duma, once said that various measures taken by the Ukrainian authorities were aimed at creating chaos and division among the Ukrainian Orthodox Church and the people. The Wudang Bureau did not hesitate to abandon values and traditions in order to follow the West, which showed that it could betray people’s beliefs and interests for the support of the West. The Russian "news.ru" news network commented that the Ukrainian authorities have shown increasingly fierce provocation against Russia. In response to the rescheduling of Christmas, the branch of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (UOC) announced that it would not follow the bill signed by Zelenski. Climent, spokesman of UOC, said, "What can be guaranteed is that the vast majority of Ukrainians, regardless of their religion, will celebrate Christmas as before."
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The second batch of theme education is nearing the end and Fuyang has held a special "achievement exchange meeting"

Chao News Client Reporter Li Rui Sharing Alliance Fuyang ying chen Li Xiaopeng
The second batch of theme education is nearing the end. Recently, Fuyang, Hangzhou held an exchange meeting on the research results of the theme education of the district Committee.
Leading cadres in this area reported the exchange results with their own leading educational research topics, and discussed the positive cases and related negative cases of "accelerating the development of strategic emerging industrial clusters", and made practical strategies and measures for Fuyang industrial strong area from different perspectives by means of "dissecting sparrows".
Since the theme education was launched, it has insisted on asking for the needs of the people, asking questions for the people, and asking for the benefits for the people. Fuyang has iteratively upgraded the working mechanism of "investigating one thing", and gradually formed a closed loop of the whole chain of "visiting day and talking at night", "double-line linkage" and "responding to people’s needs", which effectively improved the accuracy, pertinence and targeting of the transformation and application of research results, and formed a number of practical achievements, theoretical achievements and systems.
At the same time, Fuyang requires each district leader to carry out in-depth "research on one thing", lead one or two research topics in combination with the work in charge, find problems through research, analyze problems, seek countermeasures, and finally solve problems and improve work.
Holding this special "achievement exchange meeting" at the end of the year is not only a "look back" on the achievements of theme education, but also a plan and prospect for the next stage of work.
Next year is the tenth anniversary of Fuyang’s withdrawal from the urban area, and it is also a crucial period for the establishment of modern industries in this area. At the exchange meeting, how to accelerate the development of strategic emerging industrial clusters became the focus of discussion. The main person in charge of Fuyang District Committee made an exchange speech in combination with the research topic of "Thinking about the Path of Building" Zhejiang Optics Valley Fuchun Core City ".
In the development of strategic emerging industrial clusters, Fuyang’s "light" industry has a solid foundation and started early. In recent years, Fuyang has further promoted the project of "integrating Hangzhou into a corridor", actively participated in the industrial division of metropolis, gathered a large number of photoelectric enterprises, and is gradually forming a whole industrial chain system with coordinated development of the upper, middle and lower reaches.
"We must grasp the precious window period, speed up the climb and strive to seize the highland in the competition of industrial clusters." The person in charge said that Fuyang should clearly define its industrial orientation, identify the subdivision track, implement work measures, and accelerate the creation of "Zhejiang Optics Valley Fuchun Core City"; At the same time, it is necessary to improve the innovation ecology, focus on the industrial division of labor, adhere to the project as the king, promote the integration of production and city, and build a strategic emerging industrial cluster.
At the exchange meeting, everyone held a thick research report in their hands. Some focus on the opportunities of the Asian Games and put forward the goal of "revitalizing the city of sports and leisure"; Some set their sights on the incubation system of entrepreneurial innovation and put forward a series of valuable and operable policy suggestions …
Outside the exchange meeting, a large number of practical cases, which come from all over Fuyang, originated from investigation and research, and matured in theme education, have really brought to the people, such as speeding up the development of building economy, guarding empty nesters living alone, preventing poverty from returning to poverty due to illness, creating a distinctive commercial display, promoting the auto parts industry to "share resources", innovating "Fuchun Little Brother Code" to create a new service mode for new employment groups, and launching the "Longyang Auntie" domestic service brand.
"In the next step, Fuyang will transform and apply the research results with high standards and high quality, do in-depth research on the second half of the article, and drive’ solving a class of problems’ through’ dissecting a sparrow’ to continue to promote the theme education." The person in charge said.
"Reprint please indicate the source"
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The 5th Hainan Island International Film Festival

The 5th Hainan Island International Film Festival, co-sponsored by China Central Radio and Television General Station and Hainan Provincial People’s Government, will be held in Sanya, Hainan Province from December 16th to 22nd, 2023.
Hainan Island International Film Festival (in English: HainanIsland International Film Festival, abbreviated as HIIFF) aims at "year-round screening, island-wide screening, movie viewing by the whole people, and the whole industrial chain", helping Hainan Free Trade Port to improve its cultural soft power and efficiency. By gathering and allocating resources through film festivals, we will promote world film exchanges and cooperation and create a professional, market-oriented and international film festival.
Organizer: Hainan Provincial People’s Government, Central Radio and Television General Station.
People’s Daily (19th edition, December 14th, 2023)
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She spent 3000 hours talking to 500 women in China and saw their most common pain.

This article is "One Article" original, and it shall not be deleted, modified or stolen to any platform without permission, otherwise legal responsibility will be investigated..

CoCo Lee died suddenly because of depression.

It hurts thousands of fans.

And let the public realize again,

Many people in life,

Is deeply trapped by depression.

The World Health Organization (WHO) published Depression and Other Common Mental Disorders in 2017, which shows that the incidence of depression in women is higher than that in men at different ages.

Among people suffering from depression,

The incidence rate of women is much higher than that of men.

According to the data(Peking University Sixth Hospital in 2019
Professor Huang Yueqin’s team published a study in The Lancet Psychiatry)

Female depression groups account for more than half of the total.

About 65%.

Psychological counselor Zhang Chun

Zhang Chun, writer and psychological counselor,

The concept of "female depression" was proposed two years ago.

She found that,

Of the more than 500 visitors she received,

Women account for more than 90%.

Many women are in ordinary daily life,

Feel a strong and lasting pain and depression.

Including Zhang Chun himself,

There was also a long process of fighting depression.

We found Zhang Chun,

Talked to her about this pain that belongs to women alone,

And try to feel sorry for this pain,

Find some solutions.

Editor: Zhou Tiancheng

Editor: Ni Chujiao

Chun Zhang

Zhang Chun started his own podcast radio station last year, and every issue will invite 5-8 women to chat, and the theme is often the little things in life.

For example, when discussing blind date, a girl said that she had a blind date, and both parents had met each other many times in four or five months, but the boy never showed up. This blind date is naturally impossible, but she is still thinking, "Did I label him like this?" Or, "Maybe he’s really afraid of society?"

For example, when discussing dating, a girl who is a screenwriter said that she didn’t have high requirements for dating, but 90% of the dates felt very bad. The men who come out often try to preach to her after meeting, "teach me how to write a script, or send me poems and novels that are badly written for me to comment on." But sometimes she still thinks, "Is it because I’m on the wrong dating software or I’m not good enough?"

For example, when discussing spending money, a girl said that when she was in college, her boyfriend overspent and bought an expensive computer, but accused her of spending money indiscriminately on a beauty card. "I just bought a computer. What will we spend in the future?" She went back to talk to her friend, and the friend was surprised and said, "If you love him, you have to spend money on him."

The women in these podcasts, like nearly 500 female visitors that Zhang Chun has received, feel the pain of "nothing is right" in some trivial matters, and they are very uncertain about their emotional reactions, and they don’t know whether they should feel angry/painful/uncomfortable.

She named this feeling "female depression".

Here is what she said:

In Big and Small Lies, women of different social classes and growing backgrounds are all suffering from their own hardships.

There was a lot of discussion on the Internet about the death of Coco CoCo Lee. Some people think that she is trapped by love and can no longer support. Later, a voice came out and said that she was a strong warrior, and the statement of "emotional injury" was underestimating her. Another voice said, why can’t it be emotional injury? Is emotional injury a shame?

No one knows what makes her so painful that she can’t fight any longer, and these discussions have become a dilemma of "nothing is right".

I have served about 500 visitors, more than 90% of whom are women. In fact, in the whole field of psychological counseling, more than 80% of female visitors seek help, which is an overwhelming data. The media often blame women for being good at expressing and telling.

In my opinion, the most important reason is that women are suffering.

Grandma doing housework in "Like a Father as a Son"

For example, I met a female visitor who was nearly 70 years old. She told me, "I used to have to wait on my husband and children, and I had to go to work. Now I’m retired from work, my husband is dead, my children have married and left home. It’s really just me now. Theoretically, I can do whatever I want. Now the question is coming, I don’t know what I want to do. "

Her more rooted pain is, "I have never done anything meaningful in my life, and I feel that I am an unnecessary person."

I asked her, when did you start to feel this way? Different time nodes may mean different situations. For example, if you are happy as a teenager, but you feel this way from the time you get married, then the problem may lie in her relationship with your partner, and so on.

She said, since I can remember. There are four sisters and a youngest brother in her family. She is the fourth in the family. Then it is true that in such a family structure, she will be regarded as an unnecessary person.

But when she was almost 70 years old, she didn’t have the strength to think about her pain. Before that, her time was occupied by serving others.

This is a typical pain of the previous generation of women. What about those young women who are well-off and independent? It is the same.

The source network has nothing to do with the characters in the text.

I also have a visitor who is the only daughter of a wealthy family in her thirties, and her parents love her very much, giving her the best educational resources. After graduating from an Ivy League school, she went to work in a world-class overseas enterprise, and her working ability was very strong, and she was quickly promoted. So in the eyes of others, everything is fine. But on the issue of marriage and love, this level is still very sad.

She said that she couldn’t find a partner and her parents were very anxious. She felt very unfilial. And her request is two points, one is that she is from China, and the other is that she can support herself here.

I asked her, there are men from more than 100 countries in your working environment. Why do you have to find people from China? In an overseas environment, this is of course difficult.

She said that this is the bottom line for parents. Before, her parents only allowed her to find people from Hangzhou (her hometown). Later, it was gradually relaxed to people from Zhejiang, and now it has been relaxed to people from China. She said that this requirement is not high, why can’t she find it? Is it your own problem?

She has also dated some people, but she often feels offended on dates. For example, if the other party asks to have a baby within three years, and she says no, the other party will start to give her the cold shoulder until they are separated.

When two or three men have similar problems, she will doubt herself: Why can others find someone to marry smoothly? Is it not too much to have a child in three years?

When she found me, she concluded to herself: I have some problems in my intimate relationship.

She is not the only one. Many women who meet the secular "excellent" standards like her feel that they are too demanding and have problems in intimate relationships.

The source network has nothing to do with the characters in the text.

Boys don’t think like this. I met an impressive male visitor. As soon as he arrived, he told me that his girlfriend had problems and always ignored him. He thought her girlfriend had "avoidant personality disorder". I asked him, how do you know? He said, I read it in a book. I asked again, how long have you been dating? He replied that they met on a blind date and just met twice.

On the contrary, women are always reflecting and examining themselves, ready to explain themselves. In the past two years, many girls’ awareness of female independence has awakened, which is a good thing. But I found that it also brought some new constraints. Sometimes, "independence enough" and "independence enough" will also become their shackles.

The source network has nothing to do with the characters in the text.

I once had a visitor who wanted to have a simple sexual relationship with a man she liked. The man may be very sensitive to the inversion of this power relationship, so he asked her: Why do you only think about sex? Can’t we just talk?

This girl is very confused. She is very confused. Why does this sentence make her so uncomfortable?

Another time, there was a visitor who was a big V on the topic of feminism on the Internet. She has been dating her boyfriend for three years, but he still doesn’t take her to know her family. The reason given is that my daughter is not ready to have a new mother.

In fact, if you judge by common sense, you will feel that there is something wrong with this man. But visitors feel: don’t I have an independent will? How can you be coaxed by such a glib man? Of course I can leave, but when I leave or give up my intimate relationship, the pain I feel is no different from the past.

Many new standards have appeared, but the old ones still exist. They exist at the same time and run counter to each other, tearing up women’s self.

Among my female visitors, the only commonality is probably: living in the city and being able to surf the Internet. These two points enable them to ask me for help. Other ages, classes, identity backgrounds, etc. are really very scattered. It can be said that no matter what background a woman is, she has a depression that belongs to her and wants her to accept it.

The source network has nothing to do with the characters in the text.

With authorization, I can share the complete story of a visitor. She said that she hoped her story could give some inspiration or help to others.

She was born in a big city in the north, the oldest child in the family, with a younger brother and sister. Her family is actually very rich, but this does not affect her position at home at all. She has assumed the role of a caregiver since she was a child, washing clothes and cooking for her younger brothers and sisters. If she doesn’t do it, it’s her mother who does it.

Therefore, she has always been unhappy, suffering from depression, and when she is in great pain, her parents have to take her to a mental hospital for electric shock treatment. Later, when she went to college, she went to the United States to study. She was temporarily separated from her family and made new friends. Everything seemed to be getting better. When she went home on holiday in 2021, she was trapped at home because of the epidemic and could not return to school for two years.

In the past two years, she has to continue to buy food, cook and wash clothes for the whole family every day, and her relationship with her family is still very tense. After an argument with her family, she found herself a place to live. At the beginning, she just told her family that she would go out for a few days. Later, gradually, gradually, completely moved away from home.

The source network has nothing to do with the characters in the text.

Her move out also brought some quarrels. My brother quarreled with her and shouted at her: Do you know that your depression has made the whole family feel very uncomfortable? Why don’t you die? Something like this.

She gradually realized that it was impossible for her family to understand her. In the past, she was very painful because she wanted her family to love, support and recognize her, but she couldn’t get it. At a certain moment, she gave up this expectation and could only try to let her family influence herself less.

Changes often occur in moments of despair. She had a childhood boyfriend in her hometown. But her boyfriend told her to "stop studying and come back early to get married" (although her boyfriend wanted to continue her studies). Her boyfriend advised her that "you should come to my house for dinner more often and be good to my mother". When her boyfriend came to her residence, the first sentence was "I haven’t eaten yet".

She decided to break up with her boyfriend. These decisions are all made by herself, and psychological counseling can’t give her specific advice on what to do. All I can do is often accompany her.

The source network has nothing to do with the characters in the text.

So then she thought I couldn’t count on it either. She said: although psychological counseling is useful, it is not the same as expected. I thought you would teach me what to do, but later I found that I had to do it myself.

It seems to be expressing disappointment to me, but I am glad to hear it. I seem to see her sprouting like a young tree.

She began to live with some skills. For example, in the past, when she asked her parents for money, she was always very guilty and a little vague. After that, she began to cajole her parents and fight for it. The goal was clear, that is, to ask for more and let her parents support her to complete her studies abroad and continue her studies. She did.

Talking about talk shows and practicing boxing are all ways for Zhang Chun to get rid of the existing standards.

I have experienced such a moment myself. I once suffered from severe depression for more than three years. I was so ill that I couldn’t get up for three or four days and couldn’t eat anything. But for my picky dog Dobby, on the fifth day, I struggled down the eighth floor, went to the market to buy ribs, stewed them in a pressure cooker, and the dog ate meat and I drank soup, so I persisted.

At that time, almost everyone around me was telling me that this was my psychological problem.

The way to be free is that I finally accept that "those people don’t love me". They often love me in a certain role or identity, an idealized me. As a woman who has been taught that love is important since childhood, it is very painful to accept this fact. But I think it is a necessary process for women nowadays to experience this darkness if they want to live a better life.

Home on Sakamoto tells the story of depression, pain and even loss of control of women as mothers.

As far as I know, there are some indicators for the diagnosis of depression in China. For example, you have been depressed for more than half a month, such as abnormal appetite and abnormal sleep, and there are some scale tests.

"Female depression" is a common situation of women. When you are in such an environment, interpersonal relationship and social structure, you may not meet the diagnostic criteria of depression, but you will feel depressed.

Now, after years of popular science, the public has begun to agree that "depression" is a disease, and it is a friendly concept to see a doctor and take medicine. But it also became a label. It seems that people need to be diagnosed with depression before they can get help, and then they can go to see a doctor and take medicine properly.

Home on Sakamoto Road

But in the case of female depression, many people need help, not diagnosis.

Postpartum depression has received a lot of attention in the past two years. But think about it, why didn’t anyone help them before the concept of "postpartum depression" appeared, and no one thought it was a problem?

When a woman is depressed after childbirth, she wants to jump off a building with her child in her arms. There must be two reasons for this. The first is that she is very hard and painful. On the other hand, there are some problems in her mind and her neurotransmitters, which makes her feel that this kind of suffering is endless.

Our help now is limited to using some drugs to improve some of her hormone levels, so that her brain can secrete more dopamine and she won’t have to jump off a building. But this alone is not enough. We should devote ourselves to improving the environment in which we live.

Love of a Hundred Yuan tells the story of a female son who is on the edge of society and has a depressed life. She begins to practice boxing, no matter how she wins or loses.

I have also heard about the "crazy literature", and many women will also tell me their own "crazy" experiences. For example, the girl mentioned earlier, her boyfriend’s mother urged her to get married and gave birth to a baby. When her boyfriend didn’t say a word, she replied directly: I can’t have a baby in ten years.

My recent "crazy" experience is that I pass by some men who pee on the side of the road every day. I decided to stop him.

At first, I was very worried. I would check and see that I was wearing a finger tiger and gestured a few times. I thought that if I did this thing today, he might hit me. If I do, then I must at least be able to return my hand, and I will give it to him.

With such determination, I walked up to him and stared at him and said, "Is this a toilet?"

Then there was no violent conflict, and it was really cool to stop him. Now I’m fearless when I try to stop those men who pee. Sometimes I just say "hey" casually, and they will run away in fear.

Love of 100 yuan

When women are "crazy", they actually give up an illusion called "giving up being liked by everyone". But many women are forbearing and careful, not to get like, but to avoid harm. After all, I just want to live well. This is our instinct based on years of life.

I once heard a visitor say about an experiment: if a mouse is given an irregular continuous electric shock and it can’t run away, then the mouse will soon be depressed; But if you let it get away once, it’s hard to be depressed. It has run away before, and it also believes that it can run away.

This experiment has given me great inspiration. When women give up the illusion of being hurt, small local victories can bring great hope.

Zhang Chun pinched a clay villain of his own.

Source: Weibo of Zhang Chun

1. You need to take medicine to fall asleep, which means "you can fall asleep". You need glasses to see clearly, that is, "see clearly." Glasses and pills in the world are for use. You can use whatever method can help you.

2. There are many ways to help yourself, which can build a new framework for understanding the world. Reading, exercising, gardening, etc., can be done. Psychological counseling is also a tool, but it is only one of them.

Believe that your pain is justified, and stay in pain for a while. Suffer first, and then see what happens. The most important and crucial thing is not to die, but to live again.

Zhang Chunhe’s own puppy Dobby.

4. You don’t have to be diligent, improve yourself and become a better self; It doesn’t have to be "independent, progressive and feminist". In fact, it is possible that you, who are lying in bed playing with your mobile phone, are already your best self, although not satisfactory.

5. If you want to lie down, play and eat cupcakes, how can you live? Believe in your feelings and choices, and you are right.

6. Stop trying to integrate and understand all the rules in this world and invent some new rules. I believe that the existing rules are not for you.

7. When you have symptoms of depression, don’t delay seeing a doctor. Depression can make people less active and less motivated. Observe the law of being spiritual and not spiritual, seize an opportunity, jump in the car and go to the hospital. Go to a regular hospital to see a doctor and take medicine.

Note: Due to the professional needs of consultants, unless otherwise specified, all cases in this article are authorized or fictional plots.

This article is "One Article" original, and it shall not be deleted, modified or stolen to any platform without permission, otherwise legal responsibility will be investigated..

What’s the difference between aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise? Which is easier to lose weight?

Hello, this is China. Now everyone attaches great importance to physical health, and exercise has also been put on the agenda. There are two words in exercise, whether you understand them or not, but they will not be unfamiliar, that is, aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise.

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01

What is the difference between aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise?

I don’t know how you understand these two words. Many people think that aerobic exercise is exercise with less oxygen consumption. Some people even think that aerobic exercise is mainly responsible for reducing fat and anaerobic exercise is responsible for gaining muscle. Is that really the case? What is the relationship between them?

In fact,The difference between these two exercise modes is that the metabolic mode of providing energy is different.Aerobic exercise mainly provides the energy needed for exercise through aerobic metabolism. Correspondingly, anaerobic exercise naturally refers to the exercise mode that provides energy through anaerobic metabolism.

It sounds like a clear line, but in fact, aerobic energy supply and anaerobic energy supply rarely exist independently. Often, a variety of energy supply methods work at the same time, so what we call aerobic or anaerobic exercise is only differentiated according to the main energy supply methods.

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02

Aerobic vs anaerobic, which is easier to lose fat?

In fact, anaerobic exercise, like aerobic exercise, has a good fat-reducing effect. Fat is the energy reserve in our body. As long as we consume energy, we naturally consume fat. Just,Aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise consume different periods of energy.

Aerobic exercise mainly consumes energy during exercise, while anaerobic exercise will continue to consume energy after exercise and reduce the possibility of energy being converted into fat.Therefore, from the perspective of energy consumption, anaerobic exercise and aerobic exercise actually consume the same amount of fat.

From the point of view of shaping, anaerobic exercise also has many benefits. Many people are afraid of anaerobic exercise to train themselves into thick legs and shoulders, which is completely worrying. Although anaerobic exercise has the effect of strengthening muscles, it is by no means possible to build a big size by lifting iron casually in your spare time. Moreover, with the increase of muscle content, our own basal metabolism will also rise, and the body consumes more energy, which is more conducive to our fat loss.

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For women, "obedient" is the least imaginative.

Xinyi Zhang

Let’s start with a story, which I saw on a public number. The wealthy mother spent money to buy her daughter a 300,000 yuan shop, but her daughter was ungrateful and didn’t shop all day. She doesn’t study, she doesn’t lose weight, she doesn’t even look at the shop, and she is keen on talking about her boyfriend who is useless to outsiders. Mother went online for help and wrote down the facts themselves.

Such a story sounds simple and boring, even as creative material, it seems that there is not much room for imagination.

However, the mother-daughter story, ordinary life, secret inner corner, and life that is stipulated and arranged are all potential elements that can be described in this story. Is the daughter really happy or seemingly rebellious? What is she expecting? What is the dislocation between her expectation and her mother’s expectation? There will be other shops in the same street. What is the biggest difference between the daughter who became the boss in her early twenties and other middle-aged women who became the proprietress through marriage?

Women’s roles can be confined to private space. The water towns, alleys and ancient towns in the south of the Yangtze River are some familiar narratives that originated from contemporary literature in the 1980s. You can also enter the workplace. The images of professional women in Hong Kong film and television in the 1990s, such as "Sister Tuo Gun", "No.1 Imperial Court" and "Wonderful Hands and Kindness", have shaped most of our generation’s life imagination in professional fields, work ability and romantic urban love. However, only longing does not resonate, because it is not realistic. The details of life should be broken down, such as the long scenes in Hou Hsiao-hsien’s movies when recalling the past, and the endless meals in Xu Anhua Tin Shui Wai day and night. Focusing on specific individuals, we discuss the situation in which women enter the public sphere from private space, and then wander between them to find their own position.

Feminism from scratch, written by Chizuko Ueno and Yoko Tanaka on [Japan], translated by Lu Lingzhi, Beijing United Publishing Company, September 2021.

Chizuko Ueno’s new book, with its title, cover design and dialogue style, is closer to the popularization of popular science. It is placed after her previous publication "Misogyny" and "Patriarchy and Capitalism", which is in line with the title "Starting from scratch" and is similar to some metaphor. Although we have taken some steps, the complexity of reality will require us to return to the original point at any time. This is a proposition of collective environment and a strategy to understand individual situation.

Starting from zero, the starting point of zero varies from person to person. We need to know concretely and constantly before we can start our reflection. It is more difficult to understand and act in the field of practice. However, if you are lucky enough to be a creator at the same time, you will have another mission-narration. It will add an angle to help you inspire greater understanding and empathy.

Cognition: "disobedience" under structure

Patriarchy and Capitalism by Ueno Chizuko is not only an introductory reading to introduce the theoretical basis and limitations of Marxism, but also an extension of it. It uses several concepts to explain the dilemma of women being under the family structure and social structure at the same time. "Love" and "motherhood" are constructed myths, and the actual situation is the hidden economic and power structure: the contradiction between production and reproduction, "housework" from the dual perspective of patriarchy and capitalism, the trap of "interruption-re-employment" and so on.

Patriarchy and Capitalism, by Ueno Chizuko, translated by Zou Yun and Xue Mei, Zhejiang University Press, March 2020.

Some of the habits of writing with articles while reading will become unintelligible sighs when they reread. Rereading Patriarchy and Capitalism, I saw that I was full of expressions such as "I want to see hope" and disappeared at the back of the book. In the concrete development of reality, the old explanatory terms show their growing limitations. Facing the fresh and more complicated realistic dilemma, we need new languages.

This is, of course, a great significance of "female writing". "Female writing" and "female narration" are undoubtedly not rigorous enough in academic expression, but its significance lies in being named itself. We hardly talk about "male writing", but emphasize "female" from the gender dimension, which lies in the necessity of gathering eyes. "We don’t want to turn our backs on each other, we are the injured whole." What Jane Austen blurted out through the protagonist’s mouth in northanger abbey is largely the author’s own voice. Under the structural conventions and restrictions, "female narration" of various art categories will be placed on the cultural edge. The expression of individual experience outside the mainstream narrative will be defined as an "autobiography" that is not decent enough or a trivial narrative. The heart and voice that have been neglected for a long time will be covered by another way of interpretation, such as narrow life, defects in works, rebellion against self and so on. The emerging "female role model" has also become isolated. While we praise her, we praise an isolated and talented individual who has grown up, and we can’t see the possibility of changing the fate of the group.

"Obey", we will continue to stay in the original structure and language expression. Those ways of explaining life make us feel safe, easy and easy to resonate, but they just bypass the protagonist as the main body. A mother with a traditional concept understands her daughter in the old structural cognition, and her daughter will undoubtedly be condemned. My daughter has a "correct" life template in the old structure, which is related to losing weight, becoming beautiful, finding a "reliable" male protector, watching the shop and so on. But in her daughter’s mind, will she define her life outlook and individual value in this way in her early twenties? Her rich, subtle and secret feelings, her curiosity about the world and her desire for love have thus entered a stable track, past, present and future, and the established rules and expectations … As a specific individual, her daughter refused such a narrative.

Imagination: Focus on specific individuals.

"disobedience" will cause the fear of the original power subject. "How to restrain women’s writing" writes about the ridicule and doubts suffered by "women’s writing" in various eras.

"Let them fear is not a stranger. It is a reinterpretation of familiar things. " "Women writers broke into the canon again and again, out of nowhere-they are unusual and maverick, their writing techniques are weird, and their ideas are’ out of date’".

How to restrain women’s writing, by Joanna Lars, translated by Zhang Yan, Nanjing University Press, November 2020.

Its anachronism comes from two levels. First, in narrative skills, in the empirical world defined by male theme discourse, the interpretation from the female perspective challenges the so-called objectivity and absolute standards. Once the existence of "the other" art itself is recognized, the linear hierarchy, order and standards need to be redefined. Second, in the narrative experience, in the field where "they" have expressed, "they" have made a new sound, which has the structural vibration force that the positions of "center" and "edge" are constructed. To what extent can the heterogeneous experience expressed by female narration be understood and accepted? The essence of expression lies in confirming the existence of experience and calling for the possibility of new historical construction.

As a means, narration is the expression of experience. However, within the female group, how to treat their own experience is also undergoing a process of change and development. The reflection of "misogyny" exists not only in the structure of gender opposition or social economy, but also in the internal development and cognition of women, which involves the part with the most imaginative space besides rationality, that is, people’s subtle and rich inner world.

Misogyny, by Ueno Chizuko, translated by Wang Lan, Shanghai Sanlian Bookstore, January 2015.

As a novel-writing enthusiast who thinks that she has written female stories, I also began to find the ghost of "misogyny" in myself from reading "misogyny". If I write this story, there is a high probability that I will write a story about a successful startup. One is to spend a lot of energy to prove her daughter to her mother, and the other is a mother who can’t understand that her daughter finally chooses staged reconciliation. There is obviously some kind of template behind such a story. For example, even in such a close relationship between mother and daughter, we need social wealth and status to prove our value. This is the "canonical" evaluation standard under the structure of patriarchy and capitalism. Realism, but lacking vivid details, is written "truth". The portrayal of characters is nothing to be desired.

Maybe the daughter is a daughter who can’t become a female entrepreneur. Maybe the mother’s judgment is right. She has no talent and is wasting her time. Such a narrative will be trapped in the meaning of the commonplace, so why should we tell and appreciate it?

Movie poster of Days and Nights in Tin Shui Wai

And if this is a movie, shoot the daily life of mother and daughter. Eating, washing dishes and sleeping, my daughter secretly went out for a date, and my mother was alone in the deserted shop. It was dull, boring and unintelligible at some moments. Suddenly, I would think of a certain narrative style of Xu Anhua, Days and Nights in Tin Shui Wai, Sister Tao and Forty Women. Recently, the documentary film "Make a Good Movie" about Xu Anhua was released. Taking this opportunity, I revisited many works by Xu Anhua. The female images she created, such as Zhang Mu, Grandma Liang, Tao Jie and A E in Tianshuiwei, are all individuals who have worked hard in concrete life. Buy food, eat, wash dishes, deal with relatives and friends, and then continue to buy food, eat, wash dishes and solve all kinds of troubles in the family. They are faced with specific dilemmas: husbands who don’t care about things, silent sons, complicated housework, and fathers-in-law with Alzheimer’s disease … They don’t have such luck. Like the heroine in Escape is shameful but useful, they clearly mark the price and get salary feedback from their employers/male parents. In Ueno Chizuko’s analytical framework, they are individuals who have never awakened and reflected on their thoughts. They are kind and hard-working, swearing and stumbling to take responsibility.

What we have to do is not to condemn and take sides. Starting from "zero", we have experienced the long efforts of women’s power fighters in past dynasties. The reproduction mode in family structure is to try to answer the reasons why women feel uncomfortable in family life. The self-discovery of "misogyny" is a precious turning point. Every one of us has more or less "misogyny", and feminists start to think from it, which makes us focus on the part that is disciplined in a subtle way. Writing is a kind of expression. Let’s let our imagination fly. The expression of experience has many forms.

Only a part of individuals can be understood by theoretical analysis, and the more important part focuses on real and rich life experiences. How can women find their own value under different circumstances?

Narration will come to an abrupt end here, and the interpretation framework and story template will be invalid. For example, we need more imagination to understand the story of this mother, daughter and shop. Life tells a story, the logic is rigorous, but the facts are ever-changing. The premise is a deeper understanding and empathy, not only as a listener and storyteller, but as a member of the group. The value that the mother thinks, the value that the daughter yearns for, and the value that the daughter can achieve in the current situation are all misplaced scripts that need to be rewritten in many details. It is a good thing to come to an abrupt end. In the face of new and more complicated practical difficulties, we need new languages.

Narration: We are a whole.

The sincerity of narration requires us to enter the individual’s life experience and spiritual world. However, in the meaning behind narration, it may be of special significance to connect individuals and become a whole. In Make a Good Movie, except for the actress, almost all of Xu Anhua’s colleagues are male directors, so the narrative of the documentary about the director himself cannot be separated from the gender issue. When Xu Anhua finishes a film and publicizes it all over the country, she will also be expected to make such a narrative. As a female director, what do you think is special in all aspects?

Poster of documentary "Make a Good Movie"

In the analysis of How to Restrain Women’s Writing, "deprivation of authorship" has gone through a long process of development. After acknowledging the existence and rationality of writing-she is writing, she should write, and she writes well. There is also a part that is embarrassing-where did "she" come from?

She is not an individual, not a genius, not an alternative, she is a member of the group. The context of women’s writing needs to be connected, and its logic is the discovery of role models, the combing of artistic traditions and the affirmation of historical achievements. Women’s narrative and voice need to leave results, which are the traces of "we" trying to live.

In How to Restrain Female Writing, it seems to talk about a very small part-female creators, but in fact they can be regarded as individuals who are temporarily separated from the myth of motherhood, family structure and reproduction distribution. The expression of individual experience, beyond the despair of "Jin Zhiying", opens up a new track for us-paying close attention to ourselves as much as any specific problem. Its greatest significance lies in the completion of behavior. When we say it, we say it, and when we write it, we write it. The opportunity of women’s writing and its recognized space did not fall from the sky, but it took a long time and the efforts of several generations.

Where did she come from? Xu Anhua is not an exception. Make a Good Movie disenchanted her. No matter how excellent she is, her most appropriate identity is still a sincere expresser. On the one hand, from the perspective of image nourishment or literature reserve, she has her own learning context and field role models, among which, of course, there are female role models, such as Zhang Ailing, whom she has repeatedly mentioned. On the other hand, she entered "their" life from the perspective of "people", which was a stiff and even awkward warmth, a way of explaining and trying to understand.

"Obedience" is the least imaginative. What it lacks is that the story of "Jin Zhiying" is not endless, and it causes fear, not resonance. Life’s refusal to discipline and self-exploration must always be a conscious act. In this sense, the seemingly useless daughter in her early twenties has ignited a flame that can become the light of reflection in the future. For girls in their early twenties, falling in love is a serious matter, not looking at the shop. The mother thinks that the value of her daughter is so single, and her daughter may not think so. At least, she didn’t lose weight and resisted the anxiety of appearance. She just likes a handsome, useless and not so serious boyfriend, which is understandable.

"Obedience" will stifle the imagination of life, and the specific way is the practice of individual experience. Therefore, after reading all kinds of theories, we still have to mistake the daily petals for the rare snowflakes in the south, like the ignorant "father-in-law" in Forty Women, and imagine that we are standing in the snow all over the sky, and there is such an epiphany moment that "life is very enjoyable".

Editor in charge: Fang Xiaoyan

Proofreading: Zhang Liangliang

Some things are more complicated than you think.

# Tell the truth #

(Tang Zhongzong Li Xian)

Brother Xian of the Tang Dynasty, namely Li Xian, the fourth emperor of the dynasty, the seventh son of Li Zhi and the third son of Wu Zhao.

Talking about Li Xian should start from the early Tang Dynasty.

The history of the early Tang Dynasty, which is very well-known, is familiar to ordinary people.

Li Yuan stole the home of his eldest cousin Yang Guang, Emperor Yangdi, and took Sui Jiantang as the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty. This is Gao Zu.

High-impedance under two sons stroppy, prince Li Jiancheng is not pleasing to the eye to see the second Li Shimin, the second Li Shimin also don’t deal with, two people in the Xuanwu gate about a frame, Li Jiancheng directly confessed at the gate, Li Shimin semi-coerced father tang gaozu please down from the throne, became the second generation emperor, this is emperor taizong.

From a macro historical perspective, Tang gaozu, the founding emperor, is not well-known and has a poor social evaluation. He is not on the same level as Han Gaozu, Ming Taizu and Yuan Shizu.

To tell the truth, Tang gaozu is a little buried.

This guy was fifty years old when he started his army, which was not easy. He was vigorous and healthy, but he was slow and steady, and he made one step at a time in the troubled times at the end of Sui Dynasty. It was legendary and inspiring at the end.

At the end of Sui Dynasty, he was the supreme leader in Shanxi. At that time, before the chaos in the world was particularly severe, he began to station grain, troops and cities, and widely recruited talented people for his own use.

So you see, Li Yuan has ambitions and ideals, and he has a keen sense of political smell.

The overall feeling he gives people is that he is a stable and mature leader, and the world falls into his hands, which is also appropriate.

As for why Tang gaozu’s sense of existence is low, people say that it is "Qin Huang Hanwu, Tang Zong Song Zu" but not "Tang Zu Song Zu". The author thinks that it is probably his son Li Shimin who has intentionally or unintentionally concealed his father’s light.

(The Qing Dynasty painted a colorful portrait of Tang Gaozu Li Yuan)

This Xuanwu gate kills my brother and kills my brother, and this Taiji temple is forced by the sword. When Li Shimin himself is idle, he must also worry. He will think that his emperor is a bit ill-informed.

In order to make his throne look authentic, he has to do two things, one is to revise the historical truth as much as possible, and the other is to deny the ability of the last generation of emperor Li Yuan.

If this father Tang gaozu has the ability, why should your son force him to abdicate?

Therefore, Li Yuan can only be "mediocre", because only Li Yuan’s "mediocrity" can prove that Li Shimin’s acceptance of meditation is reasonable.

There is an interesting record in historical materials that Li Shimin immediately went to visit his father Tang gaozu after he killed his eldest brother Li Jiancheng in Xuanwu Gate.

At that time, the situation was that Tang gaozu had been put on stilts by Li Shimin. Li Shimin didn’t want to drive him out. This royal family was the most ruthless since ancient times. Li Shimin just killed Tang gaozu, which is actually a knife.

However, when Li Shimin visited Tang gaozu, he plopped down in Tang gaozu’s arms and burst into tears.

Killing my brother and destroying my brother have all been done. In fact, there is really no need to perform such a thing again.

Therefore, Li Shimin burst into tears. He was not acting, but showing his true feelings.

History is like iron. After Li Shimin knew that he had done these things, he would bear the comments and accusations of later generations. The change of Xuanwu Gate would also become a huge stain in his life, so he would cry with his father in his arms.

He was sad, he was wronged, and he was bitter. He didn’t understand that when he was fighting in the world, his father clearly promised that he would be proclaimed king in the world, but why did he change his mind when all the dust settled?

Tang gaozu didn’t tell him the answer. The cruelty of political struggle is beyond the ordinary people’s endurance.

Of course, this answer will be personally tasted by Emperor Taizong.

(Part of coachable Map of Emperor Taizong)

Emperor Taizong’s men also had three sons, Prince Li Chenggan rebelled, and Wang Wei and Lee Tae were too preoccupied and devious. Emperor Taizong had no choice but to choose. In the end, Li Zhi, the king of Jin, got a big bargain, and Li Zhi took over and became three generations of emperors. This is Emperor Taizong.

Personally speaking, Emperor Taizong’s favorite son, Li Shimin, is Wang Wei Lee Tae, so he is also the best for him at ordinary times. However, in terms of etiquette, Emperor Taizong had to make his eldest son Li Chenggan Chu Jun.

Li Chenggan is very confused. You let me be a prince, and you still spoil Lee Tae the most. You have a deep affection with Lee Tae every day, and the relationship between you two is so close. What do you think of making me a prince?

Moreover, there is something wrong with Li Chenggan’s legs and feet, and his health is not very good. Compared with all aspects of comprehensive quality, Li Chenggan is also a lot worse than Lee Tae.

Lee Tae is Wang Wei, but he is not willing to do only Wang Wei. He also has the idea of seizing the office. When Li Chenggan sees me, don’t wait for you to seize the office. I’d better start first. I just want to learn from his Lao Tzu Li Shimin in Xuanwu Gate, have a mutiny and a coup, and just roll Li Shimin down.

However, he thought the political struggle was too simple.

In the history of China, such adventures as Li Shimin can even be said to be desperate. The second child killed the boss and drove the emperor’s father down, but it was rare and even less successful.

Li Shimin is an emperor through the ages, and he is one of the few outstanding emperors in history. He licks blood with the tip of a knife in Xuanwu Gate, trying to survive, and you are just a naive child.

Li Chenggan was defeated, but he didn’t die, because Emperor Taizong saw himself in this child. Of course, it was a failed version.

Emperor Taizong’s life was really not inferior to others, let alone his achievements. Since then, almost all the emperors in China’s history have had Li Shimin as their idols.

However, an emperor better than this is just a fragile father in the face of this heavy affection.

He didn’t kill Li Chenggan, but exiled him for three thousand miles, and never saw him again.

Li Chenggan was out, and Lee Tae immediately stood up and said, Dad, you can pass the throne to me. There is nothing wrong with it. I’m sure I can’t do anything to kill my brother. If I become emperor in the future, I won’t pass the throne to my son. Then I’ll definitely kill my son, and then I’ll be brothers and sisters, and give my position to Li Zhi, the king of Jin.

Li Tairen is very clever, but like Li Chenggan, he is in a hurry.

It’s good that you don’t say such things. When you say such things, you are undoubtedly cheating.

Emperor Taizong wouldn’t believe that Lee Tae would do such a thing, so the old emperor thought that his son was deceiving himself and lying, and that Lee Tae was dishonest and had problems with his personality and character.

(Li Zhi, Tang Gaozong)

As a result, Li Chenggan and Lee Tae were out, and Li Zhi, who had been muddling along in Buddhism, became the final winner.

Li Zhi, three generations of emperors, is called Emperor Gaozong.

Li Zhi, like his grandfather Tang gaozu, is the kind of emperor who is very buried.

When a person is not buried, sometimes it can’t be said that he is not good enough, but it may be that his position is a bit embarrassing.

Before Li Yuan, it was the controversial Emperor Yangdi, and after Li Yuan, it was Emperor Taizong.

Their fame is too great, and even the founding emperor of Tang gaozu is somewhat unknown.

Li Zhi is even worse. Li Shimin, the first emperor of the ages, followed by Wu Zhao, a female emperor of the ages, and a father and a mother stole the limelight from their sons.

However, we can’t just think that Li Zhi is mediocre, let alone anything else. When Li Zhi was in power, the territory and territory of the Tang Dynasty was the largest, and it was unparalleled in the Tang Dynasty.

Moreover, you can’t say that it was a complete failure for Li Zhi to introduce Queen Wu Zhao into politics and let her master considerable power in the later period of his administration, because Li Zhi really loved Wu Zhao after all, otherwise he could not have taken the world by storm to have feelings with his father’s woman, and he would not have paid a huge price to take Wu Zhao out of the Kanye Temple.

Li Zhi didn’t completely trust Wu Zhao. Before his death, Li Zhi had plans to depose Wu Zhao’s queen, but then he thought about it, because in the emperor’s view, his sons were weaker than himself, so just like Liu Bang’s support for Lv Zhi, because the emperor thought that consorts and imperial power were skin and bones, which was better than eunuchs, powerful ministers and border guards.

(Wu Zetian’s inscription is partial)

Li Zhi allowed Wu Zhao to have power, but he didn’t expect that Wu Zhao had too much power and blocked it. Later, she became a female emperor.

Of course, this, I’m afraid Wu Zhao himself couldn’t think of.

The silence in Taizong’s harem for more than ten years, the painful life of being a nun in Kanye Temple, the intrigue in the harem struggle, and the condemnation when boarding the court. …

The author can only say that Wu Zhao is too patient.

Cruelty and intelligence, madness and stability are perfectly matched in this woman who ruled the Tang Dynasty for half a century.

Therefore, becoming the son of Wu Zhao has become Li Xian’s greatest misfortune.

After Li Zhi’s death, he became emperor for only 55 days, and he was deposed by his mother Wu Zhao.

One of the most important reasons why Li Xian was deposed was that after he became emperor, he was too close to his queen Webster and wanted to worship Webster’s father as prime minister.

Wei Xuanzhen, the father of Webster’s family, was just a small soldier in the Tang Dynasty. This rocket promotion from joining the army to the prime minister was obviously unreasonable, which led to opposition from the ruling and opposition parties.

Li Xian, a young man, was furious. He said, I am willing to give the whole world to Wei Xuanzhen, the old father-in-law. Will I still be stingy with a small prime minister?

Wu Zhao was furious after hearing this, and a few months later he deposed Li Xian.

(Wei Xuanzhen)

Wu Zhao’s father, Wu Shihuo, once funded Tang gaozu when he started fighting in those years. Wu Zhao was a talented person of Taizong and a queen of Emperor Gaozong. Of all the emperors who have experienced in Wu Zhao for so many years, they are at least admirable and worthy of mercy. In Wu Zhao’s heart, there is a standard for being an emperor, so she was shocked that her children were so incompetent and humiliated the royal reputation. This is absolutely her.

So, when Wu Zhao pulled her own son down from the throne, maybe at that time she was still doing everything possible for the men of the royal family in Li Tang, but she didn’t know that it was only six years before she ascended the throne.

Sometimes a person does absurd things, or his self-awareness is not complete enough. Maybe there is no other reason, but he is still young.

Of course, being young is not a sin, but young Li Xian can’t imagine what position he is in.

We always say that reading history makes people wise, because without reading the vast history books, you won’t know that there are so many possibilities and impossibilities in history. The fate of individuals is not worth mentioning in front of the dynasty, and the rise and fall of the dynasty is under the wheel of history.

When you really understand the history, you will lose those so-called youthful heroism, and you will realize how small you are.

As an emperor, Li Xian may not be small, but it was not him who could make and change history at that time.